As a result, the actual prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among low-income 12–36-mo-olds is unclear. Iron deficiency anemia is more commonly defined with 1–2 indicators in clinical settings most clinical cases report only anemia (based on hemoglobin or hematocrit values). Although the use of multiple tests ( 14, 15) is an appropriate approach to assess the iron status of a population, it is less practical and not commonly used in clinical settings. Several approaches are used to assess the iron status of an individual or of a population.
One objective stated in Healthy People 2010 is to reduce iron deficiency in 1- to 2-y-old children to 5% (compared with the 1988–1994-baseline prevalence of 9%) and in 3- to 4-y-old children to 1% (compared with the 1988–1994-baseline prevalence of 4%) in all children by 2010 ( 13). In contrast, the prevalence of iron deficiency was 17% for 1–2 y olds and 6% for 3–4 y olds among Mexican American toddlers, and 12% for 1–2 y olds and 5% for 3–4 y olds in low income (≤130% of poverty threshold) households ( 13). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a prevalence of 7% for iron deficiency and 2% for iron deficiency anemia in 1- to 2-y-old children from all income levels ( 12). The brain’s sensitivity to iron deficiency is mitigated by the severity and timing of the deprivation, and the adverse effects of iron deficiency may or may not be reversible ( 9– 11).Īlthough the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the United States has decreased over the past decade, data from many surveys indicate that it remains relatively high among low-income, preschool-age children.
It has been suggested that these behaviors may contribute to impaired development through functional isolation ( 2, 8). Relative to healthy infants, infants with iron deficiency anemia are more wary, hesitant, and easily tired are less active are less attentive to instructions and demonstrations and tend to stay closer to their caregivers. Infants and children with iron deficiency, with or without anemia, have been characterized with impaired neurodevelopment ( 1– 5), such as longer sensory pathway transmission ( 6, 7). Symptoms of iron deficiency are subtle and nonspecific and often only become apparent with severe anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world. Iron deficiency, anemia, toddlers, serum ferritin, serum transferrin receptors, transferrin saturation, WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children INTRODUCTION Low hemoglobin is a poor predictor of ID.
The sensitivity of low hemoglobin in predicting study- and literature-determined ID was low (23.2% and 40.0%, respectively).Ĭonclusions: Anemia and ID were prevalent in this WIC sample, but IDA was uncommon. Hemoglobin concentration was used to predict study- and literature-determined ID on the basis of receiver operating characteristic curves. The prevalences of low iron stores (low ferritin) were 24.8% and 29.0%, of ID (≥2 abnormal iron measures) were 16.2% and 8.8%, and of IDA (ID with low hemoglobin) were 3.4% and 3.2% on the basis of study- and literature-determined cutoffs, respectively. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 11.1% (hemoglobin 10.0 μg/mL, and transferrin saturation ≤13.2% or <10.0%, respectively. Objective: The objective was to determine the prevalence of anemia, low iron stores, ID, and IDA in children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) population, and to assess the value of using hemoglobin to predict ID.ĭesign: This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 12–36-mo-old children from WIC clinics in 2 California counties. The actual prevalence of anemia, ID, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in California remains unclear. Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and remains relatively common in at-risk groups in the United States.
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